** Zolemba za Mkonzi: The Queer Gothic Foundation of Modern Horror ndi gawo la mndandanda wathu wopitilira Mwezi Wonyada Wowopsa, kuwunikira kutenga nawo mbali kwa gulu la LGBTQ pakupanga mtunduwo.

Pali china chake chodziwika bwino chokhudza nkhani yoopsa ya Gothic. Mwina ndi nyumba zapamwamba komanso zinyama zokhala ndi chifunga. Mwinamwake, ndi amuna ndi akazi ovala bwino.

Chinthu chimodzi ndichodziwikiratu, komabe, pakusanthula ndi kuphunzira zolembedwazo: kulembedwa kwa nkhani zodabwitsazi sikunasinthe zomwe zili zowopsa masiku ano, ndipo manja ambiri omwe anali ndi zolembera zolembera anali iwowo, odandaula.

M'munsimu mupeza mndandanda wa ena mwa olemba odabwitsawa.

horace wapole

Kubwerera kumbuyo zaka mazana atatu, tikupeza Nyumba Yachifumu ya Otranto. Ataganiziridwa kwambiri ngati buku loyamba lachi Gothic, nkhaniyi idalembedwa ndi Horatio "Horace" Walpole, 4th Earl waku Orford. Walpole anali mwana wa Prime Minister woyamba ku Britain, ndipo kuyambira ali mwana zinali zowonekeratu kuti sanali "wabwinobwino" malinga ndi zikhalidwe zamasiku amenewo.

Ambiri aganiza kuti Walpole anali wachiwerewere, ngakhale olemba mbiri aposachedwa ati mwina mwina anali kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha popeza akuwoneka kuti alibe chidwi chofuna kulakalaka wina aliyense. Amanenanso kuti, monganso olemba ena ambiri omwe afotokozedwa pano, adayamba kulemba nkhani zowopsa ngati nambala chifukwa sakanatha kunena poyera zakugonana kwawo chifukwa chakuchita zachiwerewere.

Walpole ankadziwika kuti ankacheza ndi amayi monga Mary Berry, wolemba nkhani zongopeka za nthawiyo omwe ambiri amamutcha kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, chifukwa chokana maukwati angapo ndikudzudzula mwamphamvu zikhalidwe zaukwati. Mwanjira ina, azimayi omwe sankawoneka kuti akumufuna.

Bukuli, palokha, linakhazikitsa zinthu zambiri komanso zokongoletsa zomwe zilipo pachikhalidwe chamakono cha Goth masiku ano kuphatikiza nkhani yochititsa mantha komanso yochititsa chidwi ndi mbiri yakale yapakatikati, ndipo olemba ambiri amtsogolo adzakhala ndi ngongole yayikulu ku buku la Walpole momwe idakhalira maziko a mabuku awo.

William Thomas Beckford

Kupita patsogolo pakapita nthawi, tikupeza a William Thomas Beckford, nawonso aku England.

Wobadwa mu 1760, Beckford amatha kuchita maudindo angapo m'moyo wake ngati wolemba mabuku, wandale, wothandizira zaluso, wotsutsa komanso wolemba maulendo. Anali, monga amayembekezeredwa, adakwatirana ndipo ukwatiwo udabala ana akazi awiri.

Komabe, monga Lord Byron adzalembera pambuyo pake mu ndakatulo yake "To Dives-A Fragment", Beckford "adakopeka ndikuchita zinthu zotembereredwa" ndipo "adakanthidwa ndi ludzu losavomerezeka la Upandu wosatchulidwe dzina." Katswiri wamaphunziro a Byron EH Coleridge adati m'mabuku ake a Byron kuti mizere iyi idalembedwa makamaka za Beckford. Sikumangodumpha konse kuti muwerenge mizere ngati mawu olembedwa pazokhumba za Beckford.

Zowonadi, Beckford adakhala zaka zingapo ali ku ukapolo chifukwa cha chikondi cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha chomwe anali nacho ndi wachinyamata wotchedwa William "Kitty" Courteney. Ngakhale samatha kukhala limodzi, Beckford adalemba William pafupipafupi ndipo angapo mwa makalata amenewo adatengedwa pamutu Mnyamata Wanga Wokondedwa: Makalata Achikondi Achigololo Kupyola Zaka Zonse.

Mwa zolemba zambiri za Beckford panali buku loti, Vathek, nthano yachi Gothic yachilendo komanso yopotoza momwe munthu wodziwika bwinoyo amataya kutsatira kwake Chisilamu ndikudzipereka yekha ku chiwerewere pofunafuna mphamvu zauzimu. Ntchitozo zikawoneka ngati zosapambana, amatembenukira kuzinthu zina zoyipa kuphatikiza kupereka ana 50 pofunafuna mphamvu.

Beckford adachokera kuzinthu zambiri popanga Vathek kuphatikiza Quran ndi nkhani zaku Asia zomwe zinali zotchuka panthawiyo. Ananenanso za Jinn zamoto komanso zamulungu Bilqis yemwe amatchulidwa m'malemba azipembedzo zingapo. Lero, limawerengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwazinthu zoyambirira zolembedwa zamakedzana zopeka.

Francis Lathom

Wobadwa mu 1774, patadutsa zaka 14 kuchokera pa Beckford, Francis Lathom adakhala wolemba mabuku komanso wolemba zisudzo wodziwika bwino wachi Gothic. Zinthu zomwe zinali pafupi ndi kubadwa kwake zinali zosasangalatsa kwenikweni, koma tikudziwa kuti adayamba zolembalemba ku Norwich mu 1791.

Mu 1797, adakumana ndikukwatira a Diana Ganning, ndipo onse anali ndi ana anayi, koma mu 1810, adathawa ukwatiwo, ndipo mphekesera za nthawiyo zimaloza ku zachikondi za amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ngati chifukwa chopita kwake mwadzidzidzi komanso kosamveka.

Ntchito yake yolemba inatha nthawi yomweyo, koma mwamwayi, anali atatulutsa kale mabuku angapo achi Gothic omwe angathandize kupanga mtunduwo mtsogolo. Mwa iwo, otchuka kwambiri komanso olandiridwa bwino anali Koloko Yoyambira Usiku.

M'bukuli, mnyamata wotchedwa Alphonsus Cohenburg akuyamba kufunafuna kuti abwezeretse katundu wake. Zigawo ziwiri zoyambirira za bukuli zimatsata mbali zonse zakusaka komwe Alphonsus amatenga mbali zosiyanasiyana pobisalira kuphatikiza msirikali kenako wogulitsa mgodi.

Ndilo gawo lachitatu lomaliza la bukuli, komabe, lomwe lidalimbitsa mbiri yake ngati nkhani yowopsa ya Gothic. Bukuli mwadzidzidzi ladzaza ndi zithunzi za gothic mkati mwa nyumba yachifumu ya Cohenburg ndipo zimaphatikizapo nkhani za mizimu yomwe imadzakhala gulu la amonke oyipa omwe amakumana mwachinsinsi pamalowo.

Mutuwu umatanthauza belu lomwe limalipira kuyitanira amonke awo ku miyambo yawo yamdima.

Bukuli linali lodziwika bwino munthawiyo ndipo Jane Austen adalilowetsa ngati imodzi mwa "mabuku owopsa" omwe amamuwuza Northanger Abbey.

Aliyense amene wawonapo kanema wowonongekayo wa Hammer Horror wazaka za m'ma 60 atha kuyang'ana mosavuta zomwe Lathom adachita.

Matthew Lewis

Mosiyana ndi olemba ena pamndandandawu, palibe umboni weniweni woti Matthew "Monk" Lewis adachitapo zachiwerewere. Nkhaniyi ndi yomwe yakhala ikutsutsana, ndi umboni wochokera mbali zonse ziwiri zomwe sizinafikepo. Mtsutsowu ukupitilira mpaka pano mosasamala kanthu.

Popanda umboni weniweni, ndi nkhani yake, osati moyo wake, yomwe imamupeza akuphatikizidwa pano.

Buku lotchuka kwambiri la Lewis, Mmonke, lidalembedwa ali ndi zaka 19 zokha ndipo anali wamanyazi kuyambira pachiyambi pomwe amatsutsana kwambiri ndi Chikatolika komanso ziwonetsero zake zovalira pamtanda, kusasiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, komanso ubale wamwamuna ndi wamwamuna.

Chiwembu cha Mmonke ndi yosokonekera komanso yovuta ngati yomwe ndidawerengapo yopanga chidule chazosatheka. Mutha kupeza chidule chonse pa Wikipedia, komabe.

Ndizowopsa komanso zowopsa ngati mtundu uliwonse womwe ndidawerengapo, ndipo ndiyenera kukhala pamndandanda wofunikirako wowerengera aliyense amene angawerenge mu mbiri yakale ya zowopsa.

Joseph Sheridan LeFanu

Umayamba motero gawo lachi Irish pamndandandawu.

Sheridan Le Fanu, monga momwe amadziwikira mwaukadaulo, adabadwira ku Ireland mu 1814, ndipo m'nthawi ya moyo wake amadziwika kuti ndi m'modzi mwa anthu odziwika bwino kwambiri am'masiku am'mbuyomu.

Ngakhale nkhani zake zambiri zikudziwika mpaka lero, ndi nthano yake carmilla zomwe zimamubweretsa pamndandandawu.

Nkhaniyi imanenedwa ndi protagonist wake, Laura, ndipo imakhudza mzimayi wamkazi wotchedwa Carmilla yemwe Laura amakopeka naye. Ngakhale Le Fanu akulemba mosamala kwambiri zakugonana kwenikweni kwa otchulidwa, kukopa kwa Laura kumawoneka bwino ndipo chikhalidwe cha ubale wake ndi Carmilla chimadumpha kuchokera patsamba.

Bukuli lakhala ngati gwero la makanema ambiri komanso makanema, ndipo lakhala gawo la golide kwa ena omwe ayesapo kulemba zolemba zawo zamatsenga.

Oscar Wilde

Ngakhale ambiri amaganiza zaopusa komanso nthabwala za Oscar Wilde, munthu sayenera kuiwala kuti adalemba otchuka kwambiri Chithunzi cha Dorian Gray.

Mwinamwake palibe buku lina lomwe lakhala likufotokozeratu chidwi cha anthu achiwerewere paunyamata komanso kusakhazikika komanso nkhani ya Wilde yodabwitsa ya Dorian Grey yemwe ali ndi chithunzi chake wazaka ndi zaka momwe amakhalabe wachinyamata komanso wokongola.

Wilde adachita mwayi kuti ena ochepa adalimbikitsidwa m'moyo wake, kukhala moyo wake poyera momwe zingathere, zomwe zidamupangitsa kuti amangidwe chifukwa chonyansa kwambiri kwa zaka ziwiri, chigamulo chachikulu chololeza panthawiyo.

Kudzitchinjiriza kwake molimba mtima komanso koyipa pamilandu yake ndi nkhani zongopeka ndipo ali wolondola mpaka pano mpaka pano.

Kukumba mozama Chithunzi cha Dorian Gray, yomwe idatulutsidwa zaka zisanu asanamangidwe, tikupeza buku lomwe lidasindikizidwa m'mitundu ingapo koyamba kutuluka m'magazini ya mwezi uliwonse momwe amafalitsa mawu pafupifupi 500 poopa zotsatira zalamulo pazakuwona kwawo kwachiwerewere.

Pambuyo pake idakonzedwanso ndikusindikizidwa mu buku latsopanoli, m'mitundu ingapo, chifukwa cha mutuwo.

Dorian ndi wachichepere yemwe amawopa kuwonongeka kwa msinkhu atagwirizana ndi Lord Henry Wotton. Mantha ake akamakula, amafuna kugulitsa moyo wake kuti apulumuke ukalamba ndi imfa, ndipo monga zimakhalira mu nthanozi, chilakolako chake chimaperekedwa.

Wotuwa amakhala Libertine womaliza, akukhala moyo wosakhazikika chifukwa cha kukongola kwake kwakukulu komwe sikumaiwalika, ngakhale chithunzi chake chikupitilizabe kutero, kuwonetsa zizindikilo za zaka zake komanso kuwonongeka kwa machimo ake ambiri mthupi lake.

Zotsatira zakukula kwa moyo wake zikayamba kumugwira, a Dorian adakwiya usiku wina ndikutenga mpeni kupenta, ndikubaya pamtima. Kulira kwake kumamveka mumsewu ndipo thupi lake likapezeka, limakhala loposa la munthu wokalamba, wodwala pomwe utoto wabwezedwa momwe umakhalira.

Nkhaniyi yakhala ikuyambitsa kusintha kwazaka pafupifupi 130 kuyambira pomwe idasindikizidwa koyamba ndipo ikupitilizabe kukopa mpaka pano.

Bram Stoker

Ndikuganiza kuti ndangomva mawu akumveka.

Kwa ambiri, nkhani yoti Bram Stoker anali amuna ogonana amuna okhaokha imawadabwitsa, koma ndizowonadi. Wolemba wa Dracula adayamba kulemba bukuli panthawi yomwe mnzake wapamtima Oscar Wilde amamuimbira mlandu chifukwa cha zachiwerewere.

Moyo wobisika wa chiwerewere udafukulidwa ndikulembedwa mwatsatanetsatane ndi David J. Skal m'buku lake China chake M'magazi: Nkhani Ya Untold ya Bram Stoker, Mwamuna Yemwe Adalemba Dracula.

Mmenemo, Skal mwachidwi adalumikiza moyo wa wolemba wamkuluyo osangonena zaubwenzi wake ndi Wilde, komanso ubale wake wokhalitsa komanso wolimba ndi wolemba mabuku mnzake Hall Caine. Makalata ake omwe amapita kwa Walt Whitman, komabe, amatipatsa chidziwitso chazambiri pazokhudza moyo wa Stoker ndi zomwe amakonda.

Adalembera Whitman kuti akufuna kukhala "wachilengedwe" pamaso pa wolemba, akumutcha Whitman "munthu wowona" ponena kuti angafune kukhala "wophunzira pamaso pa Mbuye wake" pamaso pa Whitman.

Ndi chidziwitso ichi, zinthu zina zimawonekera bwino mukawerenga buku la semina la wolemba. Ndizofala kwambiri muubwenzi wa Dracula ndi Harker pomwe akwati a vampiric a Count akuyandikira mnyamatayo, Dracula amamuteteza kwa iwo, nati "Mwamunayo ndi wanga!"

Zachidziwikire kuti mbiri ya Dracula ikukhalabe ndipo kuyang'anitsitsa kumatha kuwerengedwa ngati buku lomwe limaphatikizira mawonekedwe ake kuyambira masamba oyamba. Mitundu yowopsa yamakono ili ndi ngongole zambiri ndi Bram Stoker.

Rosa Campbell Adatamandidwa

Rosa Campbell Praed anali mkazi wodabwitsa.

Wobadwira ku Australia ku 1851, a Praed adalemba pamitundu ingapo yokhudzana ndi miyambo yambiri munthawi yomwe zinali zosamveka. Iye anali m'modzi mwa olemba oyamba kuphatikiza zilembo za Aaborijini pakulemba kwake ndikuchita izi mwaulemu yemwe palibe amene adamuwonapo kale.

Nkhani yake ndiyosintha kosasintha, koma chinthu chimodzi chomwe tikudziwa ndikuti adakhala zaka 30 ndi sing'anga dzina lake Nancy Harward, ndipo anali munthawiyo pomwe adasandutsa cholembera chake kukhala nthano za mizimu ndipo nthano zodabwitsa monga buku lake Nyria yomwe, idavumbulutsidwa pambuyo pake, idazikidwa munkhani zomwe zimafotokozedwa ndi sing'anga wamisala.

Pambuyo pake adasindikiza kuwerengera konse kwam magawowa omwe amafotokoza zokumana nazo za mtsikana wina wotchedwa Nyria yemwe amakhala ku Roma pafupifupi zaka 1800 zapitazo.

Bukuli komanso kutulutsidwa kwakanthawi kwa ntchito ya sing'angayo kudafika pachimake pa kayendetsedwe kazamizimu ndipo nkhani zake zamatsenga ndikubadwanso mwatsopano zidathandizira kupanga tsogolo, osati zolemba zokha komanso nthano, komanso mufilimu.