Mu 1872, wolemba waku Ireland Sheridan Le Fanu adasindikiza carmilla, novella mu mawonekedwe osasintha omwe angasinthe mawonekedwe azopeka a vampire kwanthawi zonse. Nkhani ya mtsikana yemwe wazunguliridwa ndi vampire wamkazi wokongola komanso wokonda zachiwerewere idapangitsa chidwi cha owerenga ake nthawi imeneyo ndipo pamapeto pake idzakhala imodzi mwazinthu zosintha nthawi zonse, kutenga malo ake pafupi ndi magulu ena akale kuphatikiza Chithunzi cha Dorian Gray ndi Dracula zonsezi zidalipo kale.

Moyo wa Sheridan Le Fanu

James Thomas Sheridan Le Fanu adabadwira m'banja lolemba pa Ogasiti 28, 1814. Abambo ake, a Thomas Philip Le Fanu anali m'busa wa Church of Ireland ndipo amayi ake a Emma Lucretia Dobbin anali wolemba yemwe ntchito yawo yotchuka inali mbiri ya Dr. Charles Orpen, dokotala komanso mtsogoleri wachipembedzo waku Ireland yemwe adakhazikitsa Claremont Institution for the Deaf and Dumb ku Glasnevin, Dublin.

Agogo a Le Fanu, Alicia Sheridan Le Fanu, ndi amalume ake a agogo Richard Brinsley Butler Sheridan onse anali olemba masewera komanso mphwake Rhoda Broughton anakhala wolemba mabuku wopambana.

Ali mwana, Le Fanu adaphunzira zamalamulo ku Trinity College ku Dublin koma sanagwirepo ntchitoyi, ndikuisiya kuti ayambe utolankhani. Adzakhala ndi manyuzipepala angapo m'moyo wake kuphatikiza Makalata a Dublin Madzulo yomwe imafalitsa nyuzipepala zamadzulo pafupifupi zaka 140.

Panali nthawi imeneyi pomwe Sheridan Le Fanu adayamba kupanga mbiri yake yolemba za Gothic zopeka kuyambira ndi "The Ghost and the Bone-Setter" yomwe idasindikizidwa koyamba mu 1838 mu Magazini Yunivesite ya Dublin ndipo adakhala gawo lazosonkhanitsa zake zamtsogolo Mapepala a Purcell, nkhani zonse zomwe zidatengedwa kuchokera pazolemba zachinsinsi za wansembe wa parishi wotchedwa Father Purcell.

Mu 1844, Le Fanu adakwatirana ndi Susanna Bennett ndipo banjali lidzakhala ndi ana anayi limodzi. Susanna adadwala "chipwirikiti" komanso "matenda amanjenje" omwe adakula kwambiri patapita nthawi ndipo mu 1858, adamwalira atakumana ndi "zoopsa". Le Fanu sanalembe nkhani imodzi kwa zaka zitatu atamwalira Susanna. M'malo mwake, sanatenge cholembera chake kuti alembe china chilichonse kupatula makalata aumwini mpaka amayi ake atamwalira ku 1861.

Kuyambira 1861 mpaka kumwalira kwake mu 1873, kulembera kwa Le Fanu kunakula kwambiri. Adasindikiza nkhani zingapo, zopereka ndi ma novellas kuphatikiza carmilla, idasindikizidwa koyamba ngati mndandanda kenako munkhani zake zotchedwa Mu Galasi Mdima.

carmilla

Wofotokozedwa ngati kafukufuku wa Dr. Hesselius, wofufuza zamatsenga, bukuli limanenedwa ndi mtsikana wokongola dzina lake Laura yemwe amakhala ndi abambo ake kunyumba yokhayokha kumwera kwa Austria.

Ali mwana, Laura ali ndi masomphenya a mayi yemwe adamuyendera kuchipinda chake ndipo akuti adapyozedwa ndi mayiyo, ngakhale palibe bala lomwe lapezeka.

Patsogolo patadutsa zaka khumi ndi ziwiri, Laura ndi abambo ake akadali achimwemwe pomwe mtsikana wachilendo komanso wokongola dzina lake Carmilla afika pakhomo pawo atachita ngozi yapagalimoto. Pali mphindi yakuzindikira nthawi yomweyo pakati pa Laura ndi Carmilla. Amawoneka kuti amakumbukirana wina ndi mnzake kuchokera kumaloto omwe anali nawo ali ana.

"Amayi" ake a Carmilla akukonzekera kuti mtsikanayo azikhala ndi Laura ndi abambo ake kunyumba yachifumu mpaka atatengeredwa ndipo posakhalitsa awiriwa akhala abwenzi apamtima ngakhale panali zoyambazo. Carmilla amakana kulowa nawo banja m'mapemphero, amagona masana, ndipo nthawi zina amawoneka ngati akuyenda usiku. Amakondanso Laura nthawi ndi nthawi.

Pakadali pano, m'mudzi wapafupi, atsikana amayamba kufa ndi matenda osamvetsetseka. Kuchuluka kwa omwe amafa kukuwonjezereka, mantha nawonso m'mudzimo akuchulukira.

Zithunzi zojambulidwa zimafika ku nyumbayi, ndipo zina mwa izo ndi chithunzi cha Mircalla, Countess Karnstein, kholo la a Laura omwe ali ofanana ndi Carmilla.

Laura amayamba kulota zoopsa za chilombo chachilendo chomwe chimalowa mchipinda chake usiku ndikumugunda, ndikuboola bere lake ndi mano asadatenge mawonekedwe a mkazi wokongola ndikusowa pazenera.

Thanzi la Laura likuyamba kuchepa ndipo dokotala atapeza bala laling'ono pakhosi pake, abambo ake amalangizidwa kuti asamusiye yekha.

Nkhaniyi imapitilira kuchokera kumeneko monga ambiri amachitira. Zimapezeka kuti Carmilla ndi Mircalla ndi amodzi ndipo posachedwa amatumizidwa ndikumuchotsa mutu pambuyo pake ndikuwotcha thupi lake ndikuponya phulusa lake mumtsinje.

Laura samachira kwathunthu pamavuto ake.

carmilla'Mitu Yoyambira Osati Yoyambira

Kuyambira pafupifupi msonkhano wawo woyamba, pali zokopa pakati pa Laura ndi Carmilla zomwe zadzetsa mpungwepungwe wambiri, makamaka pakati pa akatswiri amakono pamaphunziro azakale.

Kumbali imodzi, pali chinyengo chosatsutsika chomwe chikuchitika mkati mwamasamba 108 kapena apo a nkhaniyi. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, komabe, nkovuta kuti tisamawerenge zokopa ngati zowononga poganizira kuti cholinga chachikulu cha Carmilla ndikubera moyo wa Laura.

Le Fanu, mwiniwake, adasiya nkhaniyi osamveka bwino. Kupita patsogolo ndi kukopa, chilichonse chomwe chimaloza ku chiyanjano cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, chikuwoneka ngati chonama. Izi zinali zofunika kwambiri panthawiyo ndipo wina ayenera kudabwa ngati mwamunayo adalemba bukuli ngakhale patatha zaka 30 kuti nkhaniyi idalembedwa mosiyana bwanji.

Komabe, carmilla anakhala ndi chojambulidwa cha omwe amakhala ndi zibwenzi za vampire zomwe zitha kukhala mutu wazolemba komanso kanema m'zaka za zana la 20.

Amangodyerera azimayi ndi atsikana okha. Amakhala paubwenzi wapamtima ndi ena mwa azimayi omwe amachitidwa zachipongwe osakondana komanso okondana.

Kuphatikiza apo, mawonekedwe ake anyama anali mphaka wakuda wamkulu, chizindikiritso chodziwika bwino cha ufiti, matsenga, komanso kugonana kwa akazi.

Mitu yonseyi ikamangidwa palimodzi, Carmilla / Mircalla amakhala chiwerewere chodziwika bwino chazakugonana komanso zikhalidwe zakugonana zamu 19th century zomwe zidamupangitsa kuphatikiza mawu akuti adzafa kumapeto.

Cholowa cha Carmilla

carmilla mwina sikadakhala nkhani ya vampire yomwe aliyense amalankhula zakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, koma zidasiya chizindikiro chotsimikizika pazopeka zamtundu wina ndipo chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20 pomwe kanema idakhala chida chotchuka kwambiri, chinali chokhwima kusintha.

Sindingathe kupita nawo yonseyi - pali zambiri-Koma ndikufuna ndikhale ndi mfundo zingapo, ndikuwonetsa momwe nkhani yamunthuyu idachitikira.

Chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zoyambirira kwambiri za izi zidachitika mu 1936 Mwana wamkazi wa Dracula. Chotsatira cha 1931's Dracula, kanemayo adasewera Gloria Holden ngati Countess Marya Zaleska ndipo adamukonda carmillaMitu ya vampire ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Pofika nthawi yomwe kanemayo adapangidwa, Hays Code inali m'malo mwake zomwe zidapangitsa kuti bukuli likhale chisankho choyenera.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti a Countess amalimbikira mufilimuyi kuti apeze njira yodzichotsera "zilakolako zosakhala zachilengedwe" koma pamapeto pake amapereka mobwerezabwereza, posankha azimayi okongola ngati omwe amamuzunza kuphatikiza Lili, mtsikana yemwe adabweretsedwa ku Countess mwachinyengo cha mawerengeredwe.

Mwachilengedwe, Marya amawonongedwa kumapeto kwa kanemayo atawomberedwa pamtima ndi muvi wamatabwa.

Pambuyo pake mu 1972, a Hammer Horror adatulutsa nkhani yodziwika bwino kwambiri Okonda Vampire, nthawi ino ndi Ingrid Pitt yemwe akutsogolera. Hammer adatulutsa mayimidwe onse, ndikuwonjezera chidwi cha nkhaniyi komanso ubale pakati pa Carmilla ndi mnzake / wokondedwa wake. Kanemayo anali gawo la trilogy ya Karnstein yomwe idakulitsa nthano za nkhani yoyambirira ya Le Fanu ndikubweretsa kunyengerera kwa amuna okhaokha.

carmilla adalumphira mu anime mzaka za 2000 Vampire Hunter D: Kukhetsa magazi yomwe imakhala ndi vampire ya archetypal ngati protagonist wapakati. Ali, kumayambiriro kwa nkhaniyi, awonongedwa ndi Dracula, mwiniwake, koma mzimu wake umakhalabe ndi moyo ndikuyesera kubweretsa chiukitsiro chake pogwiritsa ntchito magazi amwali.

Sanali opanga makanema okha omwe adapeza chidwi chawo m'nkhaniyi, komabe.

Mu 1991, Aircel Comics idatulutsa nkhani zisanu ndi imodzi, zakuda ndi zoyera, zosintha kwambiri nkhani yotchedwa. Carmilla.

Wolemba yemwe adapambana mphotho Theodora Goss adalemba nkhaniyo polemba nkhani yoyambirira m'buku lake Ulendo waku Europe Wamkazi Wodekha. Bukuli linali lachiwiri pamabuku angapo otchedwa Zochitika Zosangalatsa za Club ya Athena lomwe limayang'ana kwambiri ana a ena mwa akatswiri odziwika bwino a "asayansi amisala" akumenya nkhondo yabwino ndikutetezana kwa Profesa Abraham Van Helsing ndi ziwembu zake.

M'bukuli, Athena Club imapeza Carmilla ndi Laura akukhala moyo wosangalala limodzi ndipo awiriwo pamapeto pake amathandizira gululi kuti liziwayendera ndipo zinali zowonetseratu mpweya wabwino ku cholowa cha novella.

Vampire ndi Gulu LGBTQ

Sindikudziwa kuti Sheridan Le Fanu adafuna kupaka dala amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ngati odyetsa anzawo komanso oyipa, koma ndikuganiza kuti anali kugwira ntchito kuchokera pamaganizidwe anthawi yake ndikuwerenga nkhani yake kumatipatsa chidziwitso chotsimikizika cha zomwe Anthu aku Ireland amaganiza za "winayo."

Kwa amayi kukhala ochepera achikazi, kutenga gawo lamphamvu, komanso kusadzidalira ndi abale komanso kubereka sizinali zachilendo ku Ireland panthawiyo, koma zidakanidwa m'malo ambiri. Amayi awa amawoneka osadalira kwenikweni, koma Le Fanu atatengera malingaliro awo powasandutsa amphona, zidasinthiratu.

Nthawi zambiri ndakhala ndikudzifunsa ngati carmilla sizinalembedwe molunjika mwachindunji kumwalira kwa mkazi wake mwanjira ina. Kodi mwina kutsika kwake mu "kupsa mtima" monga momwe amatchulidwira nthawiyo ndikumamatira kwake kuzipembedzo pamene thanzi lake limakulirakulirakulimbikitsani Laura?

Mosasamala kanthu za zolinga zake zoyambirira, Sheridan Le Fanu mosakhazikika amamangirira azisamba ku zilombo zamtundu wankhanza ndipo malingaliro amenewo amapitilira munjira zoyipa komanso zabwino kudzera m'zaka za zana la 20 mpaka 21.

Mabuku, makanema, ndi zaluso zimafotokozera malingaliro. Zonsezi ndi zowunikira komanso zotsogola pakati pa anthu, ndipo trope iyi imapilira pazifukwa. Kugonana ndikuyika nkhanizi zimasokoneza mwayi wokhala ndi ubale wabwino pakati pa akazi awiri ndikuwachepetsa kulumikizana kwathunthu.

Sanali woyamba komanso womaliza yemwe adalemba chithunzi cha vampire wamadzimadzi. Anne Rice wapanga ndalama zochuluka zolembera zolemba zabwino kwambiri zodzazidwa nawo. M'mabuku a Rice, komabe, sizomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu akhale "wabwino" kapena "woipa" vampire. M'malo mwake, ndizomwe zili pamakhalidwe awo ndi momwe amachitira ndi anzawo.

Ngakhale zonsezi, ndikulimbikitsabe kuwerenga bukuli. carmilla ndi nkhani yochititsa chidwi komanso yodziwika bwino m'mbuyomu mdera lathu.